In 1991, most design work was produced in studios and handed off to clients who reproduced it through darkroom repro, film separations, and hand-drawn guidelines. Brand inconsistency was constrained by the difficulty of production. Reproducing a logo incorrectly required technical effort that made it easier to do it right.
The democratisation of design tools changed this permanently. By the early 2000s, every person in every organisation had access to software capable of producing brand materials. Logos were redrawn from memory. Typefaces were substituted. Colours drifted until the drift became the new normal. By the time a brand manager noticed the fragmentation, it had already become institutional.


